对外贸易经济合作部


中华人民共和国技术引进合同管理条例施行细则(附英文)

1988年1月20日，外经贸部

第一条 根据《中华人民共和国技术引进合同管理条例》（以下简称《条例》第十二条的规定，制定本细则。
第二条 《条例》第二条规定的受方和供方签订的下列技术引进合同，不论供方国别和地区、受方资金来源和偿付方式，均应当按照《条例》和本细则的规定向审批机关申请办理审批手续：
（一）工业产权的转让或者许可合同。工业产权的转让或者许可合同是指涉及发明专利权、实用新型专利权、外观设计专利权以及商标权的转让或者许可的合同（仅涉及商标权转让的合同除外）；
（二）专有技术许可合同。专有技术许可合同是指提供或者传授未公开过、未取得工业产权法律保护的制造某种产品或者应用某项工艺以及产品设计、工艺流程、配方、质量控制和管理等方面的技术知识的合同；
（三）技术服务合同。技术服务合同是指供方利用其技术为受方提供服务或者咨询以达到特定目标的合同，包括受方委托供方或者与供方合作进行项目可行性研究或者工程设计的合同，雇用外国地质勘探队或者工程队提供技术服务的合同，委托供方就企业技术改造、生产工艺或者产品设计的改进和质量控制、企业管理提供服务或者咨询的合同等（聘请外国人在中国企业任职的合同除外）；
（四）含工业产权的转让或者许可、专有技术许可或者技术服务任何一项内容的合作生产合同和合作设计合同；
（五）含工业产权的转让或者许可、专有技术许可或者技术服务任何一项内容的成套设备、生产线、关键设备进口合同；
（六）审批机关认为应当履行审批手续的其他技术引进合同。
第三条 没有对外技术引进经营权的公司、企业、团体或者个人引进技术时，应当委托具有对外技术引进经营权的公司、企业对外签订技术引进合同，并出具委托书。
第四条 在中华人民共和国境内设立的中外合营企业、中外合作经营企业、外资企业（以下简称外商投资企业）从供方获得技术所签订的技术引进合同应当按照本细则的规定办理审批手续。
外商投资企业的外国投资者以工业产权或者术作为投资的，按照国家有关外商投资企业的法律和规定办理。
第五条 技术引进合同的审批机关是对外经济贸易部（以下简称经贸部）和经贸部授权的省、自治区、直辖市、沿海开放城市、经济特区和计划单列省辖市的对外经济贸易厅、委、局及其他管理机关（以下简称授权审批机关）。
第六条 技术引进合同，按照下列规定分级审批：
（一）由国务院各部、委和各直属机构批准可行性研究报告的项目，其技术引进合同由经贸部审批；
（二）由省、自治区、直辖市、沿海开放城市、经济特区和计划单列省辖市人民政府或者其授权主管机关批准可行性研究报告的项目，其技术引进合同由同级授权审批机关审批；如果该项技术引进合同系委托跨地区的其他公司对外签订的，在征得委托方所在地的授权审批机关同意后，可以由签约地的授权审批机关审批。合同批准后，签约地的授权审批机关应当将合同批准证书复印件送委托方所在地的授权审批机关备案。但是，跨地区委托设在北京的公司（不包括北京市属公司）对外签订的技术引进合同，由经贸部审批；
（三）外商投资企业从供方获得技术所签订的技术引进合同，属于国务院各部、委和各直属机构批准的外商投资企业的，由经贸部审批；其他的分别由授权审批机关审批。
第七条 技术引进合同应当订明下列事项：
（一）合同名称；
（二）引进标的技术的内容、范围和要求；
（三）引进技术达标考核检验的标准、期限、措施及风险责任的承担；
（四）引进技术的保密义务，改进技术的归属和分享；
（五）价款或者报酬总价和各分项价格，以及支付方式；
（六）违约损失赔偿额的计算方式；
（七）争议的解决办法；
（八）名词和术语的解释。
与履行合同有关的附件资料，可根据当事人的协议作为技术引进合同的组成部分。
第八条 涉及在中国取得专利权或者商标权的转让或者许可的技术引进合同，应当写明有关专利号或者专利申请号、商标注册号和附具商标式样。属于专利权转让的，应当按照《中华人民共和国专利法》的规定，向专利局备案；属于商标许可的，应当按照《中华人民共和国商标法》的规定，向商标局备案。
第九条 供方应当保证所提供的技术或者文件资料完整、准确、有效，能够达到合同规定的技术目标。技术文件交付的时间应当符合受方工程的计划进度要求。
第十条 受方需要供方提供引进技术所需的原材料、零部件或者设备的，其价格不得高于国际市场上同类产品的价格。
第十一条 供方应当保证自己是所提供技术的合法拥有者，或者保证自己有权转让或者许可该项技术。受方使用转让或者许可的技术生产或者销售产品如被第三方指控侵权，应当由供方负责应诉；如被第三方指控的侵权成立，受方的经济损失由供方负责赔偿。
第十二条 在合同有效期内，改进技术的所有权，包括申请专利的权利，属于改进方。在受方向供方提供改进技术时，其条件应当与供方向受方提供改进技术的条件相同。
第十三条 对供方提供或者传授的专有技术和有关技术资料，受方应当按照合同约定的范围和期限承担保密义务。保密期限一般不得超过合同有效期限；因特殊情况需要超过合同有效期的，应当在合同中订明，并在申请办理审批手续时申明理由。
在受方承担保密义务期限内，由于非受方原因技术被公开，受方承担的保密义务即行终止。合同规定供方在合同有效期内向受方提供其发展和改进技术的，受方可以在合同期满后继续承担保密义务，保密期限自供方提供该项技术之日起计算，但该期限不得超过原合同规定的期限。
第十四条 未经审批机关批准，合同中不得含有限制受方利用引进技术生产的产品出口的条款。但属下列情况之一的除外：
（一）供方已签订独占许可合同的国家和地区；
（二）供方已签订独家代理合同的国家和地区。
第十五条 未经审批机关批准，合同中不得规定禁止受方在合同期满后继续使用技术的条款。合同期满时，引进技术所涉及的专利尚未期满的，应当按照《中华人民共和国专利法》的有关规定办理。
第十六条 供方应当按照中华人民共和国税法的规定纳税。
第十七条 技术引进合同的受方或者代理对外签约的公司、企业，应当在签约之日起三十日内，按照本细则第六条的规定向审批机关报送下列正式文件：
（一）合同报批申请书。申请书内容应当包括合同名称、供方国别及厂商名称、引进标的技术的内容和范围、项目可行性研究报告的批准机关及文号等；
（二）合同副本（如系外文本，应当附合同中文译本）；
（三）签约各方的法律地位证明文件的复印件；
（四）经批准的可行性研究报告及资金落实情况。
为有助于合同审批，受方或者代理对外签约的公司、企业可以在谈判前或者谈判过程中，就合同主要内容或者某些条款向审批机关征求意见或者提请预审。
第十八条 本细则第十七条规定报送的技术引进合同及其他文件中有下列情况之一的，审批机关应当责成当事人限期修改，不修改的，不予批准：
（一）违反国家现行法律和法规、损害社会公共利
（二）损害国家主权；
（三）合同内容与批准的项目可行性研究报告不符；
（四）合同的基本条款和内容不完善；
（五）合同未对所转让或者许可的技术引起的产权争议及其他履约中出现争议的责任及其解决办法作出明确、合理规定；
（六）合同未对所转让或者许可的技术应当达到的技术水平、经济效益，包括对使用该项技术生产产品的质量保证作出合理规定；
（七）引进技术的价格和支付方式不合理；
（八）合同各方的权利、责任、义务的规定不够明确、对等、合理；
（九）合同规定有未经国家税务机关同意的税收优惠承诺。
第十九条 审批机关应当在收到申请之日起六十日内决定批准或者不批准。审批机关按照第十八条规定提出修改的合同，其审批期限自收到修改后的合同文本或者修改书之日起计算。
审批机关逾期未予答复的，视为合同获得批准。
第二十条 合同自批准之日起生效，由审批机关颁发经贸部统一印制和编号的《技术引进合同批准证书》。
第二十一条 技术引进合同超过《条例》第八条规定的十年期限或者含有《条例》第九条规定的限制性条款的，受方应当在按照本细则的规定办理审批手续时，向审批机关提交申请报告，详细说明理由。
第二十二条 修改经批准的技术引进合同的技术标的内容、价格、期限及保密期限条款，应当经签约各方协商一致并征得原审批机关书面同意。该项修改与原批准的技术标的内容不符或者超过原批准所需外汇金额的，应当按照《条例》第四条和第十一条以及本细则第六条的规定重新办理审批手续。
第二十三条 授权审批机关应当在批准技术引进合同之日起十日内，将《技术引进合同批准证书》的复印件及其他有关资料报送经贸部备案。
第二十四条 技术引进合同在执行过程中办理有关银行担保、信用证、支付、结汇、报关纳税等项业务时，应当按照规定向有关机关出示《技术引进合同批准证书》或者其复印件；不能出示的，银行、海关、税务机关有权拒绝受理。
第二十五条 本细则由经贸部负责解释，由经贸部自行修订。
第二十六条 本细则自发布之日起施行。1985年9月18日经贸部发布的《技术引进合同审批办法》同时废止。

Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Regulations onAdministration of Technology Import Contracts of the People's Republic ofChina

(Approved by the State Council on December 30, 1987 Promulgated bythe Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade on January 20, 1988)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
The Detailed Rules are formulated in accordance with the provisions
of Article 12 of the Regulations on Administration of Technology Import
Contracts of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as
the "Regulations").
Article 2
Regardless of country or region of the supplier, source of funds and
ways of payment of the recipient, technology import contracts hereunder
listed concluded between the recipient and the supplier as specified in
Article 2 of the Regulations shall apply for examination and approval from
the competent authority in accordance with the Regulations and the
Detailed Rules.
1. Contracts for assignment or licensing of industrial property
rights:
Contracts for assignment or licensing of industrial property rights
refer to those for assignment or licensing of rights relating to invention
patents, new utility model patents, exterior design patents as well as
trademarks excluding those merely for assignment of rights of trademarks.
2. Contracts for licensing of know-how:
Contracts for licensing of know-how refer to those for provision or
impartment of technical knowledge for manufacturing a product or applying
a technology as well as for product designs, technological processes,
formulae, quality control and management, which is neither publicized nor
under legal protection of industrial property rights.
3. Contracts for technical services:
Contracts for technical services refer to those for providing
services or consultations to the recipient by the supplier with his
technology for achieving a specific goal, including those for feasibility
study or engineering design undertaken by the supplier upon the
entrustment of the recipient or by the recipient in cooperation with the
supplier, those for providing technical services by foreign geological
exploration or engineering teams that are employed and those for providing
services or consultations by the supplier upon entrustment of the
recipient for technical transformation of enterprise, improvement of
production technology or product design and quality control as well as
enterprise management (excluding those for employing aliens in China's
enterprises).
4. Contracts for co-production and co-design which contain any one of
such contents as assignment or licensing of industrial property rights,
licensing of know-how or technical services;
5. Contracts for importing complete set of equipment, production line
and key equipment which contain any one of such contents as assignment or
licensing of industrial property rights, licensing of know-how or
technical services;
6. Other technology import contracts which need the fulfillment of
the procedure for examination and approval in the view of the competent
authority.
Article 3
To import technology, companies, enterprises, institutions or
individuals with no right to do technology import business with abroad
shall, with a letter of commission, entrust those companies and
enterprises with such rights to conclude technology import contracts.
Article 4
Technology import contracts concluded by Chinese-foreign equity joint
ventures, Chinese-foreign co-operative ventures and wholly foreign-owned
enterprises (hereinafter referred to as "foreign investment enterprises")
established in the territory of the People's Republic of China for
technology acquired from suppliers shall comply with the procedure of
examination and approval in accordance with the provisions of the Detailed
Rules.
If the foreign investor in the foreign investment enterprise uses
industrial property rights or know-how as his equity share, this will be
dealt with in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the
State for foreign investment enterprises.
Article 5
The competent authorities for examining and approving technology
import contracts are the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
(hereinafter referred to as MFERT) and its authorized departments,
commissions, bureau of foreign economic relations and trade and other
administrative organs of provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities
directly under jurisdiction of the central government, coastal open
cities, special economic zones and cities under provinces with separate
economic plans (hereinafter referred to as the "authorized examining and
approving authorities").
Article 6
Technology import contracts are examined and approved at different
levels in accordance with the following stipulations:
1. Technology import contracts for projects with feasibility study
reports approved by the ministries/commissions of and departments under
the State Council are to be examined and approved by MFERT.
2. Technology import contracts for projects with feasibility study
reports approved by people's governments or their authorized responsible
organs of provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities, coastal open
cities, special economic zones and cities under provinces with separate
economic plans are to be examined and approved by the authorized examining
and approving authorities of the same levels; If the technology import
contracts are concluded by other transregional companies through
entrustment, they may be examined and approved by the authorized examining
and approving authorities of the spot where the entrustees are located
with the consent of the entrusters' local authorized examining and
approving authorities. After approval, the on-the-spot authorized
examining and approving authorities shall send a copy of the Approval
Certificate to the local authorized examining and approving authorities
for record. Nevertheless, technology import contracts concluded by
companies located in Beijing pursuant to transregional entrustment
(excluding those directly under Beijing municipality) are to be examined
and approved by MFERT.
3. Technology import contracts concluded by foreign investment
enterprises for acquiring technology from suppliers shall be examined and
approved by MFERT if the foreign investment enterprises were established
with the approval of ministries/commissions of and departments under the
State Council, or be examined and approved by MFERT-authorized organs if
the enterprises were not so established.
Article 7
Technology import contracts shall specify in terms of the following
items:
1. Name of contract;
2. Contents, scope and requirements of the goal directed technology
imported;
3. Criteria, time-limits and measures for quality rectification of
the imported technology and liabilities for risks;
4. Obligations of keeping-confidential for imported technology,
ownership and sharing of the technology improvements;
5. Price or payment in total and breakdown and terms of payment;
6. Calculations for compensation in case of violation;
7. Means of settlement for disputes;
8. Interpretation of terms and phrases.
Annex and data relating to implementation of the contract may
constitute an integral part of the technology import contract in
accordance with the agreement of the contracting parties.
Article 8
With respect to technology import contracts involving assignment or
licensing of patent or trademark rights obtained in China, relevant patent
numbers or patent application numbers, trademark registration numbers
together with trademark design shall be expressly specified. Contracts for
assignment of patent rights shall be recorded with the Patent Office in
accordance with provisions of the "Patent Law of the People's Republic of
China", and those for licensing of the trademarks shall be recorded with
the Trademark Office in accordance with provisions of the "Trademark Law
of the People's Republic of China".
Article 9
The supplier shall ensure that the technology or data documents
provided are complete, accurate, effective and capable of reaching the
technology goal specified in the contract. The time-limits for the
delivery of technology documents shall correspond with the engineering
programmer of the recipient.
Article 10
If the recipient requires the supplier to provide raw materials,
spare parts or equipment for the imported technology, the price shall not
be higher than that of the like product on international market.
Article 11
The supplier shall ensure that he is the legal owner of the
technology provided or that he has the right to assign or license the
technology. If the recipient, in producing or selling products with the
assigned or licensed technology, is accused of infringement by a third
party, the supplier shall respond to the lawsuit. If the infringement
charged by the third party is proved, all economic losses the recipient
may suffer shall be compensated for by the supplier
Article 12
Within the term of validity of the contract, the ownership of the
improved technology including the right to apply for patents belongs to
the party that has made the improvements. Where the recipient provides the
improved technology to the supplier, the terms shall be the same as those
when the supplier provides the improved technology to the recipient.
Article 13
The recipient shall undertake the obligations to keep confidential
for know-how and relevant information provided or imparted by the supplier
in accordance with limits and duration as agreed in the contract. The
duration of keeping-confidential shall not generally exceed the term of
validity of the contract. If special circumstances demand that the
duration shall exceed the term of the contract, it shall be expressly
specified in the contract, and reasons shall be made when applying for
examination and approval.
Within the duration in which the recipient undertakes the obligation
to keep confidential, if the technology is publicized not owing to the
recipient, obligations to keep confidential undertaken by the recipient
shall be immediately terminated. If it is specified in the contract that
the supplier provides its developed and improved technology to the
recipient within the term of validity of the contract, the recipient may
continue to undertake the obligations of keeping-confidential after
expiration of the contract. In that case, the duration for keeping-
confidential shall begin from the date when the supplier provides the
technology but not exceed the duration specified in the original contract.
Article 14
No provisions of restrictions on exportation of products manufactured
by the recipient with the imported technology may be included in the
contract without the approval of the competent authority, however, either
of the following cases shall be excepted:
1. In countries and regions where exclusive license contracts have
been concluded by the supplier;
2. In countries and regions where sole agent contracts have been
concluded by the supplier.
Article 15
No provision of prohibitions to be imposed on the recipient to
continue using the imported technology after expiration of the contract
maybe included in the contract without approval of the competent
authority. Where the contract has expired but the duration of the patent
relating to the imported technology has not expired, the relevant
stipulations of the "Patent Law of the People's Republic of China" shall
govern.
Article 16
The supplier shall pay taxes in accordance with the provisions of the
Tax Law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 17
The recipient or companies, enterprises acting as its agents who have
concluded the technology import contracts shall, in accordance with the
provisions of Article 6 of the Detailed Rules, submit to the competent
authority within thirty days from the date when the contract is concluded
the following official documents:
1. Application for approval. The contents of the application shall
include the name of the contract, country of the supplier and name of the
firm, the contents and scope of the goal-directed technology imported, the
approving organ and approved number of the feasibility study report of the
project, etc. ;
2. Copy of the contract (enclosing a Chinese version if it is in a
foreign language);
3. Copy of documents evidencing the legal status of the contracting
parties;
4. Approved feasibility study report and arrangement of the fund
needed.
To facilitate the examination and approval, the recipient or
companies, enterprises acting as its agents may ask for comments or
request for pre-examination from the competent authority on the main
contents or certain clauses of the contract either before or during
negotiations.
Article 18
In case the technology import contracts and other documents submitted
to the competent authority in accordance with the provisions of Article 17
of the Detailed Rules include any one of the following contents, the
competent authority shall require amendments within a prescribed
time-limits, and approval shall not be granted in case of failure to make
amendments:
1. that it is against the current laws and legislation of the State
and is harmful to public interests of the society;
2. that it is harmful to national sovereignty;
3. that the contents of the contract are inconsistent with the
approved feasibility study report of the project;
4. that the basic clauses and contents of the contract are imperfect;
5. that the contract contains no definite and rational stipulation
concerning the responsibilities and solutions to possibly-occurred
disputes over property rights due to the assigned or licensed technology
or other disputes that may occur in the course of implementation of the
contract;
6. that the contract contains no rational stipulation on the
technical level and economic efficiency which the assigned or licensed
technology should attain including quality warranty for the products
manufactured with the said technology;
7. that the price or ways of payment for the imported technology are
unreasonable;
8. that the stipulations on rights, responsibilities and obligations
of the contracting parties are unclear, unequal or irrational;
9. that the contract contains preferential tax commitment without the
consent from the Chinese tax authority.
Article 19
The competent authority shall decide whether or not to approve the
contract within 60 days from the date when the application is received. If
the competent authority requires amendments in accordance with the
provisions of Article 18, the duration of examination and approval shall
be counted from the date when the amended contract or text is received.
If the competent authority makes no response within the specified
time, the contract shall be deemed to have been approved.
Article 20
The contract shall come into force on the date of approval and the
competent authority shall issue a unified Approval Certificate for a
Technology Import Contract printed and numbered by MFERT.
Article 21
If the term of validity of the technology import contract exceeds the
period of ten years stipulated in Article 8 or includes the restrictive
provisions listed in Article 9 of the Regulations, the recipient shall
submit the application with detailed explanations to the competent
authority when going through the procedure for examination and approval in
accordance with the stipulations of the Detailed Rules.
Article 22
Amendments to the provisions relating to the goal-directed technology
content, price, term and keeping-confidential time-limits of an approved
technology import contract shall be made by consultations between
contracting parties upon a written consent of the original competent
authority for examination and approval. If amendments are inconsistent
with the approved content of goal-directed technology or exceed the
approved amount of foreign exchange, the procedure for reexamination and
re-approval shall be gone through in accordance with the provisions of
Article 4 and article 11 of the Regulations and Article 6 of the Detailed
Rules.
Article 23
The examining and approving organs other than MFERT shall submit
copies of Approval Certificate for a Technology Import Contract and other
relevant documents to MFERT for record within 10 days from the date the
technology import contract is approved.
Article 24
In the course of the implementation of the contract, the Approval
Certificate for a Technology import Contract or its copy must be presented
to the organs concerned in accordance with the relevant stipulations for
purposes of bank guarantee, letter of credit, payment, exchange
settlement, Customs declaration and tax payment, etc. In case of failure
of presentation, refusals may be made by the banks, Customs and tax
authorities.
Article 25
The authority to interpret and revise the Detailed Rules resides in
MFERT.
Article 26
The Detailed Rules shall enter into force on the date of
promulgation. The Procedure for Examination and Approval of Technology
Import Contracts promulgated on September 18, 1985 by MFERT shall cease to
be in force simultaneously.



　　民事司法鉴定是民事证据制度的重要组成部分，为案件审理提供科学证据，但是我国对一个案件民事司法鉴定次数尚无具体规定。在实践中，民事司法鉴定存在着“一事多鉴”的现象，这导致浪费司法资源，也威胁了鉴定结论的法定性和威严性。怀柔法院雁栖法庭通过调研，试图对民事案件“一事多鉴”的成因进行剖析并研究其对策。经调研发现，民事案件“一事多鉴”现象由多方面复杂因素共同作用形成的。

　　一是诉讼当事人“无理鉴定”容易形成反复鉴定。当事人对鉴定意见死死纠缠，无休止地申请重新鉴定，以期通过多次、反复鉴定来形成对己方有利的鉴定结果。例如，有的鉴定意见的科学依据正当，法律程序也无瑕疵，但因该鉴定事项属于案内关键性证据甚至是定案的孤证，当事人以为推翻了鉴定意见就能胜诉或使原判决获得改变，因而要求反复鉴定。

　　二是诉讼当事人“不配合鉴定”致使鉴定样本达不到法定鉴定条件而形成多次鉴定。因鉴定结论对自己产生不利诉讼影响，诉讼当事人不提供有效的鉴定样本，因而使一个鉴定事项多次鉴定后，因样本反复更换而结论各异，从而还形成了“多鉴不定”的困境。

　　三是鉴定主体“不具备法定条件”致使多次鉴定。鉴定主体不具备法定资格，超越鉴定范围进行鉴定导致重新鉴定；鉴定机构对鉴定业务监管不严，鉴定人员业务素质不高，出具的鉴定文书不符合法律与技术要求导致多次鉴定；鉴定活动受到外界非法干预，鉴定机构或鉴定人出具不真实的鉴定意见，为再次鉴定预留了空隙。

　　四是审判人员采信鉴定意见失当致使多次鉴定。在审判过程中，一个鉴定事项的同一鉴定要求往往会出现几个不同鉴定意见，由于对证据链的审查、衔接不够严密，或者对于孤证的过份信任，采信了欠客观的鉴定意见或者舍弃了真实的鉴定意见，引起当事人一方不服要求重新鉴定。

　　北京市怀柔区人民法院雁栖法庭认为应从四个方面着手，改善“一事多鉴”，提升鉴定效率，提高鉴定结论的法定性和威严性:

　　一是完善司法鉴定启动程序，严格限制重新鉴定的提起。慎重启动鉴定程序并对重新鉴定限定相应的条件，并对申请重新鉴定的事由做严格的限制，通过严格程序，控制随意鉴定行为的发生，提高鉴定的法定性和权威性。

　　二是建立司法鉴定风险告知书制度，明确鉴定风险。实践中，鉴定申请人对鉴定结果往往抱有希望，而对鉴定风险估计不足。当鉴定结论无法满足其预期期望的结果时，当事人往往对鉴定结论失去理智判断，这一心理落差在一定程序上也催生造当事人要求重新鉴定的动机。

　　三是规定限制重新鉴定的次数，防止案件陷入“重复鉴定”、“多鉴不决”的局面，从而平衡保护双方当事人权利，提高诉讼效率，节省司法资源。

　　四是完善司法鉴定结论的采认制度，确保鉴定意见采信正当。鉴定结论经法庭质证后才能作为定案的根据。对于鉴定结论的采信必须在判决中进行明示，以此来提高鉴定结论采信的可信度和对法官的鉴定采信形成必要的限制，避免以此引发的重复鉴定。

　　（作者单位：北京市怀柔区人民法院）